Evaluation of Kidney Function Characteristics of 250 COVID-19 Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Hilla Province

Ahmed Abdulhaleem Al Shammari

Research Article | Open Access | Download Full Text

Volume 1 | Issue 1 | Year 2025 | Article Id: RLS-V1I1P107

Evaluation of Kidney Function Characteristics of 250 COVID-19 Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Hilla Province

Ahmed Abdulhaleem Al Shammari

Received	Revised	Accepted	Published
14 Apr 2025	12 May 2025	15 Jun 2025	30 Jun 2025

Citation

Ahmed Abdulhaleem Al Shammari. “Evaluation of Kidney Function Characteristics of 250 COVID-19 Patients with Diabetic Kidney Disease in Hilla Province.” DS Reviews of Research in Life Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 57-63, 2025.

Abstract

The etiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be attributed to severe acute respiratory disease caused by Coronavirus 2, often known as SARS-CoV-2. The impact of renal function on the prognosis of this condition remains uncertain despite its rapid global dissemination and significant morbidity and mortality. There is an association between decreased renal function and increased death rates in the whole population and a prognostic significance in the context of COVID-19. The prevalence of impaired renal function is frequently observed among the aged population, prompting our investigation into the possible implications of this condition on mortality rates. This study aimed to determine the risk factors and variables associated with COVID-19 in hospitals among patients with diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Study: During the period from February to April 2022, 250 people diagnosed with COVID-19 were admitted to Hilla Hospitals for Internal Medicine, located in Hilla province. The research encompassed a sample size of 250 people diagnosed with COVID-19, consisting of 130 males and 120 females. The age range of the participants ranged from 20 to 80 years. The mild-to-moderate category accounted for 170 cases, 68% of the total, while the severe category accounted for 80 cases, or 32%. The findings of the present investigation indicate significant alterations in blood parameters, including urea, creatinine, D-dimer, and blood glucose, in different stages of COVID-19 infection, namely mild, moderate and severe.

Keywords

COVID-19, Kidney, Diabetes, Urea, Creatinine

References

[1] Jianqiu Li, and Feng Wei, “Rapid Diagnosis, Isolation, and Treatment of Patients with 2019-Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia: A Retrospective Study of 10-Minute Rapid Test for Coronavirus Antigens,” SSRN, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[2] Juan Alonso Leon-Abarca et al., “The Impact of COVID-19 in Diabetic Kidney Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Population-Based Study,” Acta Biomed, vol. 91, no. 4, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[3] Maryam Azimi, and Fatemeh Sadat Hasheminasab, “Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of the Myrtle (Myrtus Communis) in Treatment and Prognosis of Patients Suspected of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia: Study Protocol for A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Trials, vol. 21, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[4] Xian Zou et al., “Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Analysis on the Receptor ACE2 Expression Reveals the Potential Risk of Different Human Organs Vulnerable to 2019-nCoV Infection,” Frontiers of Medicine, vol. 14, pp. 185–192, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[5] Saraladevi Naicker et al., “The Novel Coronavirus 2019 Epidemic and Kidneys,” Kidney International, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 824–828, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[6] Zhen Li et al., “Caution on Kidney Dysfunctions of COVID-19 Patients,” medRxiv, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[7] Víctor Manuel Becerra-Munoz et al., “Clinical Profile and Predictors of in-Hospital Mortality among Older Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19,” Age and Ageing, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 326-334, 2021.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[8] Aitor Uribarri et al., “Impact of Renal Function on Admission in COVID-19 Patients: An Analysis of the International Hope Covid-19 (Health Outcome Predictive Evaluation for Covid 19) Registry,” Journal of Nephrology, vol. 33, pp. 737–745, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[9] Jeong-Hoon Lim et al., “Fatal Outcomes of Covid-19 in Patients with Severe Acute Kidney Injury,” Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 9, no. 6, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[10] Jamie S. Hirsch et al., “Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19,” Kidney International, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 209-218, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[11] Yichun Cheng et al., “Kidney Disease is Associated with in-Hospital Death of Patients with Covid-19,” Kidney International, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 829-838, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[12] Hong Xu et al., “Acute Kidney Injury and Mortality Risk in Older Adults with COVID-19,” Journal of Nephrology, vol. 34, pp. 295-304, 2021.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[13] Reyan Ghany et al., “Prior Cardiovascular Risk and Screening Echocardiograms Predict Hospitalization and Severity of Coronavirus Infection among Elderly Medicare Patients,” American Journal of Preventive Cardiology, vol. 3, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[14] Sadie Bennett et al., “Clinical Features and Outcomes of Adults with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of the Literature,” International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[15] Yauhen Statsenko et al., “Prediction of COVID-19 Severity Using Laboratory Findings on Admission: Informative Values, Thresholds, ML Model Performance,” BMJ Open, vol. 11, 2021.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[16] Meghan Baker et al., “Automated Outbreak Detection of Hospital-Associated Infections,” Open Forum Infectious Diseases, vol. 2, no. suppl_1, 2015.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[17] Jolanta B. Zawilska et al., “Covid-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Clinical Symptoms,” Farmacja Polska, vol. 77, no. 3, pp. 166–177, 2021.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

[18] Brandon Michael Henry, and Giuseppe Lippi, “Chronic Kidney Disease is Associated with Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection,” International Urology and Nephrology, vol. 52, pp. 1193–1194, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[19] Ibrahim Y. Hachim et al., “Male Gender is a Risk Factor for Sever form of COVID-19 Illness and Worse Outcome in the Middle East,” Research Square, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[20] Xiaoling Deng et al., “Blood Biochemical Characteristics of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 1172-1181, 2020. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[21] Hassan Mahmoudi et al., “Assessment of Changes in Blood Urea and Creatinine Levels in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), Research Square, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[22] Luis D'Marco et al., “Diabetic Kidney Disease and Covid-19: The Crash of Two Pandemics,” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 7, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[23] Xiu-wu Pan et al., “Identification of a Potential Mechanism of Acute Kidney Injury during the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Study Based on Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis,” Intensive Care Medicine, vol. 46, pp. 1114-1116, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[24] Hua Su et al., “Renal Histopathological Analysis of 26 Postmortem Findings of Patients with covid-19 in China,” Kidney International, vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 219-227, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[25] Mukan Ji et al.., “Permafrost Thawing Exhibits a Greater Influence on Bacterial Richness and Community Structure than Permafrost Age in Arctic Permafrost Soils,” The Cryosphere, vol. 14, pp. 3907–3916, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[26] Matteo Apicella et al., “Covid-19 in People with Diabetes: Understanding the Reasons for Worse Outcomes,” The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 782-792, 2020.

[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]

[27] Shiv Kumar Sharma, and Teena Gupta, “A Novel Approach for Plant Environment,” International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 1-5, 2014.

[Google Scholar]

[28] Reena Solanki, “A Proposed New Approach for Cell Biology,” Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference of Medical Sciences, India, pp. 542-545, 2016.

[Google Scholar]